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Academic boycott of South Africa
The academic boycott of South Africa comprised a series of boycotts of South African academic institutions and scholars initiated in the 1960s, at the request of the African National Congress, with the goal of using such international pressure to force the end to South Africa's system of apartheid. The boycotts were part of a larger international campaign of "isolation" that eventually included political, economic, cultural and sports boycotts. The academic boycotts ended in 1990, when its stated goal of ending apartheid was achieved.〔F.W. Lancaster & Lorraine Haricombe, (The Academic Boycott of South Africa: Symbolic Gesture or Effective Agent of Change? ), Perspectives on the Professions, Vol. 15, No. 1, Fall 1995, accessed 16 September 2006〕
During the apartheid era, the boycotts were debated within anti-apartheid circles as to whether they were ethically justified and appropriate.〔 Other critics of the boycott were various conservative groups worldwide who "disliked such anti-apartheid initiatives", and campus libertarians who "perceived a loss of academic freedom".〔Andy Beckett, (It's water on stone - in the end the stone wears out ), The Guardian, 12 December 2002, accessed 16 September 2006〕
Subsequent research in the post-apartheid area has claimed that the boycotts were more a "symbolic gesture of support" for anti-apartheid efforts rather than a direct influencer of the situation.〔 Additionally, the academic boycott was perceived by the targets of the boycott, South Africa scholars, as unjust and discriminatory.〔
==Motivation==
The African National Congress first called for an academic boycott to protest South African apartheid in 1958 in Ghana. The call was repeated the following year in London.〔(Building the Academic Boycott in Britain ), Hilary Rose, Resisting Israeli Apartheid: Strategies and Principles, An International Conference on Palestine, London, 5 December 2004〕
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